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The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance
By The Editorial Board
May 10, 2014
The World Health Organization has surveyed the growth of antibiotic-resistant germs around the world – the first such survey it has ever conducted – and come up with disturbing findings. In a report issued late last month, the organization found that antimicrobial resistance in bacteria (the main focus of the report), fungi, viruses and parasites is an increasingly serious threat in every part of the world. “A problem so serious that it threatens the achievements of modern medicine,” the organization said. “A post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can kill, far from being an apocalyptic fantasy, is instead a very real possibility for the 21st century.”
The growth of antibiotic-resistant pathogens means that in ever more cases, standard treatments no longer work, infections are harder or impossible to control, the risk of spreading infections to others is increased, and illnesses and hospital stays are prolonged. All of these drive up the costs of illnesses and the risk of death. The survey sought to determine the scope of the problem by asking countries to submit their most recent surveillance data (114 did so). Unfortunately, the data was glaringly incomplete because few countries track and monitor antibiotic resistance comprehensively, and there is no standard methodology for doing so.
Still, it is clear that major resistance problems have already developed, both for antibiotics that are used routinely and for those deemed “last resort” treatments to cure people when all else has failed. Carbapenem antibiotics, a class of drugs used as a last resort to treat life-threatening infections caused by a common intestinal bacterium, have failed to work in more than half the people treated in some countries. The bacterium is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and infections in newborns and intensive-care patients. Similarly, the failure of a last-resort treatment for gonorrhoea has been confirmed in 10 countries, including many with advanced health care systems, such as Australia, Canada, France, Sweden and Britain. And resistance to a class of antibiotics that is routinely used to treat urinary tract infections caused by E. coli is widespread; in some countries the drugs are now ineffective in more than half of the patients treated. This sobering report is intended to kick-start a global campaign to develop tools and standards to track drug resistance, measure its health and economic impact, and design solutions.
The most urgent need is to minimize the overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture, which accelerates the development of resistant strains. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued voluntary guidelines calling on drug companies, animal producers and veterinarians to stop indiscriminately using antibiotics that are important for treating humans on livestock; the drug companies have said they will comply. But the agency, shortsightedly, has appealed a court order requiring it to ban the use of penicillin and two forms of tetracycline by animal producers to promote growth unless they provide proof that it will not promote drug-resistant microbes.
The pharmaceutical industry needs to be encouraged to develop new antibiotics to supplement those that are losing their effectiveness. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society, which represents pharmacists in Britain, called this month for stronger financial incentives. It said that no new class of antibiotics has been discovered since 1987, largely because the financial returns for finding new classes of antibiotics are too low. Unlike lucrative drugs to treat chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular ailments, antibiotics are typically taken for a short period of time, and any new drug is apt to be used sparingly and held in reserve to treat patients resistant to existing drugs.
Antibiotics have transformed medicine and saved countless lives over the past seven decades. Now, rampant overuse and the lack of new drugs in the pipeline threaten to undermine their effectiveness.
(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.)
According to the text, last resort antibiotics
| a) |
have not performed as they should in the case of gonorrhoea in 10 countries. |
| b) |
don’t work anymore in all developed countries due to their overuse. |
| c) |
are very expensive and therefore can be taken only in a hospital. |
| d) |
are usually prescribed for intestinal infections by most physicians. |
| e) |
should be replaced by ordinary treatments since they are mostly unsuccessful. |
a) Correta. Traduzindo a alternativa temos: "não tiveram a performance que deveriam no caso da gonorréia em 10 países". O texto afirma no terceiro parágrafo que houve falha no tratamento de antibióticos de último recurso para a gonorréia em 10 países.
b) Incorreta. Traduzindo a alternativa temos: "não funcionam mais em todos os paises desenvolvidos devido ao uso excessivo". Ainda funcionam, apenas falharam algumas vezes inclusive em países desenvolvidos.
c) Incorreta.Traduzindo a alternativa temos: "são muito caros e portanto podem ser tomados apenas em hospital". Não há menção ao preço nem uso restrito em hospital.
d) Incorreta. Traduzindo a alternativa temos: "são usualmente prescritos para infecções intestinais pela maioria dos médicos". Não há menção a infecções intestinais.
e) Incorreta. Traduzindo a alternativa temos: "deveriam ser substituídos por tratamentos comuns já que eles são na maioria das vezes mal-sucedidos". Não são mal-sucedidos na maioria das vezes, apenas começaram a falhar em alguns casos.
The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance
By The Editorial Board
May 10, 2014
The World Health Organization has surveyed the growth of antibiotic-resistant germs around the world – the first such survey it has ever conducted – and come up with disturbing findings. In a report issued late last month, the organization found that antimicrobial resistance in bacteria (the main focus of the report), fungi, viruses and parasites is an increasingly serious threat in every part of the world. “A problem so serious that it threatens the achievements of modern medicine,” the organization said. “A post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can kill, far from being an apocalyptic fantasy, is instead a very real possibility for the 21st century.”
The growth of antibiotic-resistant pathogens means that in ever more cases, standard treatments no longer work, infections are harder or impossible to control, the risk of spreading infections to others is increased, and illnesses and hospital stays are prolonged. All of these drive up the costs of illnesses and the risk of death. The survey sought to determine the scope of the problem by asking countries to submit their most recent surveillance data (114 did so). Unfortunately, the data was glaringly incomplete because few countries track and monitor antibiotic resistance comprehensively, and there is no standard methodology for doing so.
Still, it is clear that major resistance problems have already developed, both for antibiotics that are used routinely and for those deemed “last resort” treatments to cure people when all else has failed. Carbapenem antibiotics, a class of drugs used as a last resort to treat life-threatening infections caused by a common intestinal bacterium, have failed to work in more than half the people treated in some countries. The bacterium is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and infections in newborns and intensive-care patients. Similarly, the failure of a last-resort treatment for gonorrhoea has been confirmed in 10 countries, including many with advanced health care systems, such as Australia, Canada, France, Sweden and Britain. And resistance to a class of antibiotics that is routinely used to treat urinary tract infections caused by E. coli is widespread; in some countries the drugs are now ineffective in more than half of the patients treated. This sobering report is intended to kick-start a global campaign to develop tools and standards to track drug resistance, measure its health and economic impact, and design solutions.
The most urgent need is to minimize the overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture, which accelerates the development of resistant strains. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued voluntary guidelines calling on drug companies, animal producers and veterinarians to stop indiscriminately using antibiotics that are important for treating humans on livestock; the drug companies have said they will comply. But the agency, shortsightedly, has appealed a court order requiring it to ban the use of penicillin and two forms of tetracycline by animal producers to promote growth unless they provide proof that it will not promote drug-resistant microbes.
The pharmaceutical industry needs to be encouraged to develop new antibiotics to supplement those that are losing their effectiveness. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society, which represents pharmacists in Britain, called this month for stronger financial incentives. It said that no new class of antibiotics has been discovered since 1987, largely because the financial returns for finding new classes of antibiotics are too low. Unlike lucrative drugs to treat chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular ailments, antibiotics are typically taken for a short period of time, and any new drug is apt to be used sparingly and held in reserve to treat patients resistant to existing drugs.
Antibiotics have transformed medicine and saved countless lives over the past seven decades. Now, rampant overuse and the lack of new drugs in the pipeline threaten to undermine their effectiveness.
(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.)
No trecho do quarto parágrafo “has appealed a court order requiring it to ban the use of penicillin”, o termo em destaque se refere a
| a) |
drug companies. |
| b) |
Food and Drug Administration. |
| c) |
penicillin. |
| d) |
a court order. |
| e) |
animal producers. |
Traduzindo o trecho, temos: "Mas a agência (Word Health Organization), em curto prazo, apelou para uma ordem judicial requerendo que ela (FDA) banisse o uso de penicilina e duas formas de tetraciclina por criadores de animais para promover crescimento a menos que eles..."
a) Incorreta. Companhias farmacêuticas.
b) Correta. Administração de comida e medicamento (FDA).
c) Incorreta. Penicilina.
d) Incorreta. Ordem judicial.
e) Incorreta. Criadores de animais.
The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance
By The Editorial Board
May 10, 2014
The World Health Organization has surveyed the growth of antibiotic-resistant germs around the world – the first such survey it has ever conducted – and come up with disturbing findings. In a report issued late last month, the organization found that antimicrobial resistance in bacteria (the main focus of the report), fungi, viruses and parasites is an increasingly serious threat in every part of the world. “A problem so serious that it threatens the achievements of modern medicine,” the organization said. “A post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can kill, far from being an apocalyptic fantasy, is instead a very real possibility for the 21st century.”
The growth of antibiotic-resistant pathogens means that in ever more cases, standard treatments no longer work, infections are harder or impossible to control, the risk of spreading infections to others is increased, and illnesses and hospital stays are prolonged. All of these drive up the costs of illnesses and the risk of death. The survey sought to determine the scope of the problem by asking countries to submit their most recent surveillance data (114 did so). Unfortunately, the data was glaringly incomplete because few countries track and monitor antibiotic resistance comprehensively, and there is no standard methodology for doing so.
Still, it is clear that major resistance problems have already developed, both for antibiotics that are used routinely and for those deemed “last resort” treatments to cure people when all else has failed. Carbapenem antibiotics, a class of drugs used as a last resort to treat life-threatening infections caused by a common intestinal bacterium, have failed to work in more than half the people treated in some countries. The bacterium is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and infections in newborns and intensive-care patients. Similarly, the failure of a last-resort treatment for gonorrhoea has been confirmed in 10 countries, including many with advanced health care systems, such as Australia, Canada, France, Sweden and Britain. And resistance to a class of antibiotics that is routinely used to treat urinary tract infections caused by E. coli is widespread; in some countries the drugs are now ineffective in more than half of the patients treated. This sobering report is intended to kick-start a global campaign to develop tools and standards to track drug resistance, measure its health and economic impact, and design solutions.
The most urgent need is to minimize the overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture, which accelerates the development of resistant strains. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued voluntary guidelines calling on drug companies, animal producers and veterinarians to stop indiscriminately using antibiotics that are important for treating humans on livestock; the drug companies have said they will comply. But the agency, shortsightedly, has appealed a court order requiring it to ban the use of penicillin and two forms of tetracycline by animal producers to promote growth unless they provide proof that it will not promote drug-resistant microbes.
The pharmaceutical industry needs to be encouraged to develop new antibiotics to supplement those that are losing their effectiveness. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society, which represents pharmacists in Britain, called this month for stronger financial incentives. It said that no new class of antibiotics has been discovered since 1987, largely because the financial returns for finding new classes of antibiotics are too low. Unlike lucrative drugs to treat chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular ailments, antibiotics are typically taken for a short period of time, and any new drug is apt to be used sparingly and held in reserve to treat patients resistant to existing drugs.
Antibiotics have transformed medicine and saved countless lives over the past seven decades. Now, rampant overuse and the lack of new drugs in the pipeline threaten to undermine their effectiveness.
(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.)
Segundo o texto, a Royal Pharmaceutical Society do Reino Unido afirma que
| a) |
o câncer e as doenças cardiovasculares também precisam de pesquisas para produzir antibióticos específicos. |
| b) |
há um antibiótico experimental de dose única em testes clínicos desde 1987. |
| c) |
o ciclo de tratamento com antibióticos deve ser revisto para que essas drogas sejam viáveis para a indústria farmacêutica. |
| d) |
a indústria farmacêutica conseguiu lançar poucos antibióticos alternativos eficientes desde 1987. |
| e) |
incentivos financeiros são necessários para o desenvolvimento de novas classes de antibióticos. |
a) Incorreta. O texto afirma que o câncer e as doenças cardiovasculares são alvo de mais pesquisas devido ao fato de as drogas usadas para essas doenças serem mais lucrativas para a indústria farmacêutica.
b) Incorreta. O texto apenas afirma que não se descobriu nenhuma classe nova de antibióticos desde 1987; os antibióticos, descobertos até esse ano já seriam usados e estariam justamente perdendo a eficiência.
c) Incorreta. O texto afirma que devido ao fato de os antibióticos serem usados apenas por poucos dias, eles são menos lucrativos. mas para tornar essas drogas mais viáveis para a indústria farmacêutica, o texto sugere incentivos financeiros e não revisão do ciclo de tratamento.
d) Incorreta. No quarto parágrafo, o texto afirma que nenhuma (e não poucas) classes de antibióticos nova foi lançada depois de 1987.
e) Correta. No quarto parágrafo, o texto afirma que os incentivos financeiros à indústria farmacêutica são necessários, já que os antibióticos não seriam lucrativos como as drogas pesquisadas contra o câncer ou doenças cardiovasculares.
The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance
By The Editorial Board
May 10, 2014
The World Health Organization has surveyed the growth of antibiotic-resistant germs around the world – the first such survey it has ever conducted – and come up with disturbing findings. In a report issued late last month, the organization found that antimicrobial resistance in bacteria (the main focus of the report), fungi, viruses and parasites is an increasingly serious threat in every part of the world. “A problem so serious that it threatens the achievements of modern medicine,” the organization said. “A post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can kill, far from being an apocalyptic fantasy, is instead a very real possibility for the 21st century.”
The growth of antibiotic-resistant pathogens means that in ever more cases, standard treatments no longer work, infections are harder or impossible to control, the risk of spreading infections to others is increased, and illnesses and hospital stays are prolonged. All of these drive up the costs of illnesses and the risk of death. The survey sought to determine the scope of the problem by asking countries to submit their most recent surveillance data (114 did so). Unfortunately, the data was glaringly incomplete because few countries track and monitor antibiotic resistance comprehensively, and there is no standard methodology for doing so.
Still, it is clear that major resistance problems have already developed, both for antibiotics that are used routinely and for those deemed “last resort” treatments to cure people when all else has failed. Carbapenem antibiotics, a class of drugs used as a last resort to treat life-threatening infections caused by a common intestinal bacterium, have failed to work in more than half the people treated in some countries. The bacterium is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and infections in newborns and intensive-care patients. Similarly, the failure of a last-resort treatment for gonorrhoea has been confirmed in 10 countries, including many with advanced health care systems, such as Australia, Canada, France, Sweden and Britain. And resistance to a class of antibiotics that is routinely used to treat urinary tract infections caused by E. coli is widespread; in some countries the drugs are now ineffective in more than half of the patients treated. This sobering report is intended to kick-start a global campaign to develop tools and standards to track drug resistance, measure its health and economic impact, and design solutions.
The most urgent need is to minimize the overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture, which accelerates the development of resistant strains. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued voluntary guidelines calling on drug companies, animal producers and veterinarians to stop indiscriminately using antibiotics that are important for treating humans on livestock; the drug companies have said they will comply. But the agency, shortsightedly, has appealed a court order requiring it to ban the use of penicillin and two forms of tetracycline by animal producers to promote growth unless they provide proof that it will not promote drug-resistant microbes.
The pharmaceutical industry needs to be encouraged to develop new antibiotics to supplement those that are losing their effectiveness. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society, which represents pharmacists in Britain, called this month for stronger financial incentives. It said that no new class of antibiotics has been discovered since 1987, largely because the financial returns for finding new classes of antibiotics are too low. Unlike lucrative drugs to treat chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular ailments, antibiotics are typically taken for a short period of time, and any new drug is apt to be used sparingly and held in reserve to treat patients resistant to existing drugs.
Antibiotics have transformed medicine and saved countless lives over the past seven decades. Now, rampant overuse and the lack of new drugs in the pipeline threaten to undermine their effectiveness.
(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.)
Segundo o último parágrafo do texto,
| a) |
os antibióticos estão perdendo sua eficácia devido ao seu uso abusivo. |
| b) |
daqui a 70 anos os atuais antibióticos estarão todos superados. |
| c) |
há diversas pesquisas com novas classes de drogas sendo testadas em animais. |
| d) |
muitas pessoas morrerão devido a infecções comuns sem tratamento. |
| e) |
o primeiro antibiótico de largo espectro foi criado na década de 70. |
Traduzindo o último parágrafo, temos: "Antibióticos transformaram a medicina e salvaram incontáveis vidas nas últimas sete décadas. Agora, o uso exacerbado e a falta de novas droga no mercado ameaça enfraquecer a sua efetividade"
a) Correta. O texto afirma justamente que o "uso exacerbado e a falta de novas drogas no mercado ameaça enfraquecer sua efetividade".
b) Incorreta. Não há menção a setenta anos no futuro.
c) Incorreta. O texto afirma que há falta de novas drgas no mercado e não menciona que estão ocorretndo pesquisas para que isso mude.
d) Incorreta. O texto diz apenas que a efetividade dos antibióticos será reduzida; não menciona que pessoas morrerão, até porque se houver incentivos à indústria farmacêutica, como o texto sugere, haveria a possibilidade de criar novos antibióticos.
e) Incorreta. O antibiótico teria sido criado há sete décadas.