Unifesp - 2ª fase - Línguas
O quadrinho faz uma crítica
| a) |
à falta de bons modos explicitada pela linguagem usada pelas crianças. |
| b) |
aos maus hábitos alimentares praticados pelas crianças em geral. |
| c) |
às crianças que não comem vegetais de cor verde. |
| d) |
à professora que não está familiarizada com os desejos das crianças. |
| e) |
ao conflito entre gerações, ou seja, diferenças de comportamento entre pais e filhos. |
O quadrinho traz uma crítica aos maus habitos alimentares das crianças, explicitando uma ironia quando a professora afirma que aquela é a "comida de verdade", e que não vem em pacotes ou de fast food. Ao se deparar com os alimentos, as crianças expressam repulsa, o que também demonstra os maus habitos.
(www.starling-fitness.com)
When introduced to “real food” the children express
| a) |
damage. |
| b) |
awareness. |
| c) |
revulsion. |
| d) |
disguise. |
| e) |
sorrow. |
Quando a professora apresentou às crianças a "comida real", elas apresentaram repulsa, com falas do tipo "Creepy" ("arrepiante") e "Weird" ("esquisito") e até o questionamento se a professora realmente espera que eles comam isso. As outras opções significam prejudicial (damage), consciente (awareness), disfarce (disguise) e tristeza (sorrow).
Healthy choices
How do we reduce waistlines in a country where we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do?
By Telegraph View
22 Aug 2014
Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, suggests that parents feed their children from smaller plates. Photo: Alamy
Every new piece of information about Britain’s weight problem makes for ever more depressing reading. Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, today tells us that by 2034 some six million Britons will suffer from diabetes. Of course, many people develop diabetes through no fault of their own. But Mr Selbie’s research concludes that if the levels of obesity returned to their 1994 levels, 1.7 million fewer people would suffer from the condition.
Given that fighting diabetes already drains the National Health Service (NHS) by more than £1.5 million, or 10 per cent of its budget for England, the impact upon the Treasury in 20 years’ time from unhealthy lifestyles could be catastrophic. Bad health not only impacts on the individual but also on the rest of the community.
Diagnosis of the challenge is straightforward. The tougher question is what to do about reducing waistlines in a country where we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do.
It is interesting to note that Mr Selbie does not ascribe to the Big Brother approach of ceaseless legislation and nannying. Rather, he is keen to promote choices – making the case passionately that people should be encouraged to embrace good health. One of his suggestions is that parents feed their children from smaller plates. That way the child can clear his or her plate, as ordered, without actually consuming too much. Like all good ideas, this is rooted in common sense.
(www.telegraph.co.uk. Adaptado.)
According to the text, Mr Duncan Selbie concluded that
| a) |
a) 1.7 million people are obese and have serious health risks in the UK.
|
| b) |
there are certain genetic conditions that pose the risk of developing diabetes.
|
| c) |
c) there were more diabetic people twenty years ago.
|
| d) |
d) obesity will escalate quickly in the next 20 years after a reduction in the last 20 years.
|
| e) |
e) less people would suffer from diabetes if obesity levels reverted to 1994 figures.
|
a) Incorreta. Pois afirma que 1,7 milhoes de pessoas são obesas e tem sérios riscos à saúde no Reino Unido, mas se observarmos no texto o número 1,7 milhão mencionado se refere ao número a menos de pessoas que iriam sofrer de diabetes se a obesidade voltasse aos níveis de 1994.
b) Incorreta. Pois afirma que existem certas condições genéticas que apresentam (pose) o risco de desenvolver a diabetes, mas em nenhuma parte do texto é mencionada a influência genética na diabetes.
c) Incorreta. A alternativa afirma que há mais pessoas com diabetes há 20 anos atrás, quando na verdade o texto afirma que se chegássemos aos níveis de 1994, menos pessoas sofreriam de diabetes, uma vez que a obesidade é um dos fatores que contribui para o desenvolvimento da diabetes.
d) Incorreta. O texto não menciona nada sobre uma rápida escalada de diabetes nos próximos 20 anos depois de ter tido uma redução nos últimos 20 anos. Além disso, o texto permite concluir que nos últimos 20 anos houve um aumento no número de casos, e não redução.
e) Correta. Pois o texto afirma que se conseguirmos voltar aos níveis de obesidade de 1994 menos (fewer) pessoas sofrerão de diabetes.
Healthy choices
How do we reduce waistlines in a country where we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do?
By Telegraph View
22 Aug 2014
Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, suggests that parents feed their children from smaller plates. Photo: Alamy
Every new piece of information about Britain’s weight problem makes for ever more depressing reading. Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, today tells us that by 2034 some six million Britons will suffer from diabetes. Of course, many people develop diabetes through no fault of their own. But Mr Selbie’s research concludes that if the levels of obesity returned to their 1994 levels, 1.7 million fewer people would suffer from the condition.
Given that fighting diabetes already drains the National Health Service (NHS) by more than £1.5 million, or 10 per cent of its budget for England, the impact upon the Treasury in 20 years’ time from unhealthy lifestyles could be catastrophic. Bad health not only impacts on the individual but also on the rest of the community.
Diagnosis of the challenge is straightforward. The tougher question is what to do about reducing waistlines in a country where we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do.
It is interesting to note that Mr Selbie does not ascribe to the Big Brother approach of ceaseless legislation and nannying. Rather, he is keen to promote choices – making the case passionately that people should be encouraged to embrace good health. One of his suggestions is that parents feed their children from smaller plates. That way the child can clear his or her plate, as ordered, without actually consuming too much. Like all good ideas, this is rooted in common sense.
(www.telegraph.co.uk. Adaptado.)
The excerpt from the first paragraph “many people develop diabetes through no fault of their own” means that these people
| a) |
a) should reduce their waistline.
|
| b) |
b) can’t be blamed for getting ill.
|
| c) |
c) probably led an unhealthy lifestyle.
|
| d) |
d) might take part in a research for new medicines.
|
| e) |
e) will have to undergo an expensive treatment paid by the NHS.
|
a) Incorreta. A alternativa afirma que deveríamos reduzir a cintura (waistline) deles (se referindo aos britânicos), mas a frase do enunciado "many people develop diabetes through no fault of their own", diz que muitas pessoas desenvolvem diabetes, mas não por sua culpa.
b) Correta. Pois segundo essa alternativa as pessoas não poderiam ser culpadas (blamed) por ficarem doentes (se referindo às diabetes) que é igual dizermos "no fault of their own" (não é culpa deles).
c) Incorreta. A alternativa afirma que o significado da frase do enunciado é que estas pessoas provavelmente levavam um estilo de vida insalubre, ou seja, não saudável.
d) Incorreta. A alternativa afirma que estas pessoas deveriam participar (take part) em pesquisas para novos medicamentos.
e) Incorreta. A alternativa afirma que estas pessoas irão se submeter (undergo) a um tratamento caro pago pela NHS (National Health Service), ou seja, pelo Serviço Nacional de Saúde.
Healthy choices
How do we reduce waistlines in a country where we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do?
By Telegraph View
22 Aug 2014
Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, suggests that parents feed their children from smaller plates. Photo: Alamy
Every new piece of information about Britain’s weight problem makes for ever more depressing reading. Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, today tells us that by 2034 some six million Britons will suffer from diabetes. Of course, many people develop diabetes through no fault of their own. But Mr Selbie’s research concludes that if the levels of obesity returned to their 1994 levels, 1.7 million fewer people would suffer from the condition.
Given that fighting diabetes already drains the National Health Service (NHS) by more than £1.5 million, or 10 per cent of its budget for England, the impact upon the Treasury in 20 years’ time from unhealthy lifestyles could be catastrophic. Bad health not only impacts on the individual but also on the rest of the community.
Diagnosis of the challenge is straightforward. The tougher question is what to do about reducing waistlines in a country where we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do.
It is interesting to note that Mr Selbie does not ascribe to the Big Brother approach of ceaseless legislation and nannying. Rather, he is keen to promote choices – making the case passionately that people should be encouraged to embrace good health. One of his suggestions is that parents feed their children from smaller plates. That way the child can clear his or her plate, as ordered, without actually consuming too much. Like all good ideas, this is rooted in common sense.
(www.telegraph.co.uk. Adaptado.)
Segundo o texto, a diabetes
| a) |
a) deve ter suas causas divulgadas, para que as pessoas saibam como curá-la.
|
| b) |
b) esgotará os recursos para a saúde em 20 anos nos países desenvolvidos.
|
| c) |
c) consome 10% do orçamento do sistema público de saúde na Inglaterra, com tendência a aumentar.
|
| d) |
d) precisa ser diagnosticada e tratada rapidamente, para evitar danos futuros à saúde.
|
| e) |
e) será responsável por uma catástrofe nas comunidades onde a obesidade prevalece.
|
a) Incorreta. No final do texto podemos ver que Duncan Selbie acredita que a melhor forma de combater o problema da diabete é fazer as pessoas se engajarem na causa da boa saúde, mas nada é mencionado no texto sobre divulgar as causas da diabetes para que as pessoas saibam como curá-la.
b) Incorreta. O texto menciona o alto custo do NHS para lutar contra a diabetes e menciona também que o resultado desses gastos em 20 anos poderiam ser catastróficos, mas não afirma que os recursos iriam se esgotar.
c) Correta. Pois de acordo com o seguinte trecho: "Given that fighting diabetes already drains the National Health Service (NHS) by more than £1.5 million, or 10 per cent of its budget for England"... traduzindo temos: Partindo do fato de que a luta contra a diabetes já drena do NHS mais de 1,5 milhão de libras, ou 10% do seu orçamento para a Inglaterra". Além disso, o fato de que 20 anos atrás os níveis eram menores e que as projeção são de que, daqui a 20 anos, os resultados podem ser catastróficos, se as pessoas mantiverem estilos de vida pouco saudáveis indicam uma preocupação com a tendência de impactos cada vez maiores do diabetes sobre o orçamento de saúde pública.
d) Incorreta. A alternativa afirma que a diabetes precisa ser diagnosticada e tratada rapidamente, para evitar danos futuros à saúde, quando, na verdade, o texto não faz menção a diagnóstico ou tratamento da diabetes. O que o texto menciona é que o desafio do diagnóstico é simples, e não aparece no texto uma menção a necessidade de rápido tratamento.
e) Incorreta. A alternativa afirma que a diabetes será resposável por uma catástrofe nas comunidades onde a obesidade prevalesce, mas nesse trecho: " the impact upon the Treasury in 20 years’ time from unhealthy lifestyles could be catastrophic. Bad health not only impacts on the individual but also on the rest of the community." a catástrofe é dada como uma possibilidade (could) não uma certeza.
Healthy choices
How do we reduce waistlines in a country where we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do?
By Telegraph View
22 Aug 2014
Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, suggests that parents feed their children from smaller plates. Photo: Alamy
Every new piece of information about Britain’s weight problem makes for ever more depressing reading. Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, today tells us that by 2034 some six million Britons will suffer from diabetes. Of course, many people develop diabetes through no fault of their own. But Mr Selbie’s research concludes that if the levels of obesity returned to their 1994 levels, 1.7 million fewer people would suffer from the condition.
Given that fighting diabetes already drains the National Health Service (NHS) by more than £1.5 million, or 10 per cent of its budget for England, the impact upon the Treasury in 20 years’ time from unhealthy lifestyles could be catastrophic. Bad health not only impacts on the individual but also on the rest of the community.
Diagnosis of the challenge is straightforward. The tougher question is what to do about reducing waistlines in a country where we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do.
It is interesting to note that Mr Selbie does not ascribe to the Big Brother approach of ceaseless legislation and nannying. Rather, he is keen to promote choices – making the case passionately that people should be encouraged to embrace good health. One of his suggestions is that parents feed their children from smaller plates. That way the child can clear his or her plate, as ordered, without actually consuming too much. Like all good ideas, this is rooted in common sense.
(www.telegraph.co.uk. Adaptado.)
No trecho inicial do segundo parágrafo “Given that fighting diabetes already drains the National Health Service”, a expressão em destaque introduz
| a) |
a) um pressuposto.
|
| b) |
b) uma generalização.
|
| c) |
um exemplo.
|
| d) |
uma consequência.
|
| e) |
uma finalidade.
|
a) Correta. Pois na tradução do trecho: "Given that fighting diabetes already drains the National Health Service (NHS)" teríamos, "Dado que, visto que, uma vez que, lutar pela diabetes já esgota o NHS", então aqui temos um pressuposto, isto é, algo que se supõe antecipadamente.
b) Incorreta. Pois a expressão given that não trata de uma generalização, e sim de um pressuposto, como explicado anteriormente.
c) Incorreta. Pois given that não pode ser usado como um exemplo.
d) Incorreta. Pois para expressar consequência, não podemos usar o given that.
e) Incorreta. Pois o termo given that não expressa uma finalidade.
Healthy choices
How do we reduce waistlines in a country where we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do?
By Telegraph View
22 Aug 2014
Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, suggests that parents feed their children from smaller plates. Photo: Alamy
Every new piece of information about Britain’s weight problem makes for ever more depressing reading. Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, today tells us that by 2034 some six million Britons will suffer from diabetes. Of course, many people develop diabetes through no fault of their own. But Mr Selbie’s research concludes that if the levels of obesity returned to their 1994 levels, 1.7 million fewer people would suffer from the condition.
Given that fighting diabetes already drains the National Health Service (NHS) by more than £1.5 million, or 10 per cent of its budget for England, the impact upon the Treasury in 20 years’ time from unhealthy lifestyles could be catastrophic. Bad health not only impacts on the individual but also on the rest of the community.
Diagnosis of the challenge is straightforward. The tougher question is what to do about reducing waistlines in a country where we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do.
It is interesting to note that Mr Selbie does not ascribe to the Big Brother approach of ceaseless legislation and nannying. Rather, he is keen to promote choices – making the case passionately that people should be encouraged to embrace good health. One of his suggestions is that parents feed their children from smaller plates. That way the child can clear his or her plate, as ordered, without actually consuming too much. Like all good ideas, this is rooted in common sense.
(www.telegraph.co.uk. Adaptado.)
No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Bad health not only impacts on the individual but also on the rest of the community”, a expressão “not only … but also” indica uma ideia de
| a) |
negação.
|
| b) |
comparação.
|
| c) |
alternativa.
|
| d) |
inclusão.
|
| e) |
e) contraste.
|
A expressão "not only…but also" (não só…mas também) é uma conjunção correlativa. Elas conectam partes, dando idéia de inclusão.
Healthy choices
How do we reduce waistlines in a country where we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do?
By Telegraph View
22 Aug 2014
Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, suggests that parents feed their children from smaller plates. Photo: Alamy
Every new piece of information about Britain’s weight problem makes for ever more depressing reading. Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, today tells us that by 2034 some six million Britons will suffer from diabetes. Of course, many people develop diabetes through no fault of their own. But Mr Selbie’s research concludes that if the levels of obesity returned to their 1994 levels, 1.7 million fewer people would suffer from the condition.
Given that fighting diabetes already drains the National Health Service (NHS) by more than £1.5 million, or 10 per cent of its budget for England, the impact upon the Treasury in 20 years’ time from unhealthy lifestyles could be catastrophic. Bad health not only impacts on the individual but also on the rest of the community.
Diagnosis of the challenge is straightforward. The tougher question is what to do about reducing waistlines in a country where we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do.
It is interesting to note that Mr Selbie does not ascribe to the Big Brother approach of ceaseless legislation and nannying. Rather, he is keen to promote choices – making the case passionately that people should be encouraged to embrace good health. One of his suggestions is that parents feed their children from smaller plates. That way the child can clear his or her plate, as ordered, without actually consuming too much. Like all good ideas, this is rooted in common sense.
(www.telegraph.co.uk. Adaptado.)
No trecho do quarto parágrafo “Rather, he is keen to promote choices”, o termo em destaque equivale, em português, a
| a) |
por sinal.
|
| b) |
mesmo assim.
|
| c) |
pelo contrário.
|
| d) |
via de regra.
|
| e) |
além disso.
|
a) Incorreta. Pois no trecho: "Rather, he is keen to promote choices" , o termo rather não pode ser traduzido como por sinal.
b) Incorreta. Mesmo assim seria even so, e não rather que significa, nesse contexto, ao invés de.
c) Correta. Traduzindo o trecho "It is interesting to note that Mr Selbie does not ascribe to the Big Brother approach of ceaseless legislation and nannying. Rather, he is keen to promote choices" temos "É interessante notar que o Sr Selbie não designa uma abordagem de Big Brother de incessante legislação e de ficar cuidando, pajeando."
d) Incorreta. A expressão "via de regra" em inglês é as a rule, e não rather.
e) Incorreta. A expressão além disso é besides, não rather.
The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance
By The Editorial Board
May 10, 2014
The World Health Organization has surveyed the growth of antibiotic-resistant germs around the world – the first such survey it has ever conducted – and come up with disturbing findings. In a report issued late last month, the organization found that antimicrobial resistance in bacteria (the main focus of the report), fungi, viruses and parasites is an increasingly serious threat in every part of the world. “A problem so serious that it threatens the achievements of modern medicine,” the organization said. “A post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can kill, far from being an apocalyptic fantasy, is instead a very real possibility for the 21st century.”
The growth of antibiotic-resistant pathogens means that in ever more cases, standard treatments no longer work, infections are harder or impossible to control, the risk of spreading infections to others is increased, and illnesses and hospital stays are prolonged. All of these drive up the costs of illnesses and the risk of death. The survey sought to determine the scope of the problem by asking countries to submit their most recent surveillance data (114 did so). Unfortunately, the data was glaringly incomplete because few countries track and monitor antibiotic resistance comprehensively, and there is no standard methodology for doing so.
Still, it is clear that major resistance problems have already developed, both for antibiotics that are used routinely and for those deemed “last resort” treatments to cure people when all else has failed. Carbapenem antibiotics, a class of drugs used as a last resort to treat life-threatening infections caused by a common intestinal bacterium, have failed to work in more than half the people treated in some countries. The bacterium is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and infections in newborns and intensive-care patients. Similarly, the failure of a last-resort treatment for gonorrhoea has been confirmed in 10 countries, including many with advanced health care systems, such as Australia, Canada, France, Sweden and Britain. And resistance to a class of antibiotics that is routinely used to treat urinary tract infections caused by E. coli is widespread; in some countries the drugs are now ineffective in more than half of the patients treated. This sobering report is intended to kick-start a global campaign to develop tools and standards to track drug resistance, measure its health and economic impact, and design solutions.
The most urgent need is to minimize the overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture, which accelerates the development of resistant strains. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued voluntary guidelines calling on drug companies, animal producers and veterinarians to stop indiscriminately using antibiotics that are important for treating humans on livestock; the drug companies have said they will comply. But the agency, shortsightedly, has appealed a court order requiring it to ban the use of penicillin and two forms of tetracycline by animal producers to promote growth unless they provide proof that it will not promote drug-resistant microbes.
The pharmaceutical industry needs to be encouraged to develop new antibiotics to supplement those that are losing their effectiveness. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society, which represents pharmacists in Britain, called this month for stronger financial incentives. It said that no new class of antibiotics has been discovered since 1987, largely because the financial returns for finding new classes of antibiotics are too low. Unlike lucrative drugs to treat chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular ailments, antibiotics are typically taken for a short period of time, and any new drug is apt to be used sparingly and held in reserve to treat patients resistant to existing drugs.
Antibiotics have transformed medicine and saved countless lives over the past seven decades. Now, rampant overuse and the lack of new drugs in the pipeline threaten to undermine their effectiveness.
(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.)
Segundo o texto, um dos objetivos do relatório da Organização Mundial da Saúde é
| a) |
fazer um levantamento inicial dos principais microorganismos que causam doenças. |
| b) |
evitar a contaminação de pessoas saudáveis por drogas ineficientes. |
| c) |
identificar os países que não têm dados fidedignos sobre a resistência aos antibióticos. |
| d) |
iniciar uma campanha mundial para desenvolver metodologias para acompanhar a resistência às drogas. |
| e) |
fornecer subsídios à indústria farmacêutica para atualizar as drogas existentes. |
a) Incorreta. Pois afirma que o objetivo da OMS é fazer um levantamento inicial dos principais microorganismos que causam doenças, quando na verdade o texto diz que o objetivo da OMS é estudar o aumento da resistência aos antibióticos pelo uso excessivo e irrestrito do mesmo.
b) Incorreta. Pois afirma que o objetivo da OMS é evitar a contaminação de pessoas saudáveis por drogas ineficientes, mas isso não é mencionado no texto.
c) Incorreta. A alternativa afira que o objetivo da OMS é identificar os países que não têm dados fidedignos sobre a resistência aos antibióticos. Porém, na verdade, o texto fala que poucos países rastreiam e monitoram a resistência aos antibióticos, mas não menciona que a OMS tem o objetivo de identificar os países.
d) Correta. Traduzindo o trecho do segundo parágrafo: "This sobering report is intended to kick-start a global compaign to develop tools and standarts to track drug resistance, measure its health and economic impact , and design solutions, temos: Este sério (sobering) relatório pretende dar o pontapé inicial (to trick-start) para uma campanha global para desenvolver ferramentas e padrões para rastrear (track) a resistência ao medicamento, medir sua saúde e o impacto à economia e designer soluções. Essa alternativa afirma que um dos objetivos da OMS é iniciar uma campanha mundial para desenvolver metodologias para acompanhar a resistência às drogas (medicamentos), tornando-a correta.
e) Incorreta. A alternativa afirma que um dos objetivos do relatório da OMS é fornecer subsídios à indústria farmacêutica para atualizar as drogas já existentes, quando na verdade o texto afirma que a OMS deveria fornecer subsídios para criar novas drogas (antibióticos) e não melhorar os que já existem.
The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance
By The Editorial Board
May 10, 2014
The World Health Organization has surveyed the growth of antibiotic-resistant germs around the world – the first such survey it has ever conducted – and come up with disturbing findings. In a report issued late last month, the organization found that antimicrobial resistance in bacteria (the main focus of the report), fungi, viruses and parasites is an increasingly serious threat in every part of the world. “A problem so serious that it threatens the achievements of modern medicine,” the organization said. “A post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can kill, far from being an apocalyptic fantasy, is instead a very real possibility for the 21st century.”
The growth of antibiotic-resistant pathogens means that in ever more cases, standard treatments no longer work, infections are harder or impossible to control, the risk of spreading infections to others is increased, and illnesses and hospital stays are prolonged. All of these drive up the costs of illnesses and the risk of death. The survey sought to determine the scope of the problem by asking countries to submit their most recent surveillance data (114 did so). Unfortunately, the data was glaringly incomplete because few countries track and monitor antibiotic resistance comprehensively, and there is no standard methodology for doing so.
Still, it is clear that major resistance problems have already developed, both for antibiotics that are used routinely and for those deemed “last resort” treatments to cure people when all else has failed. Carbapenem antibiotics, a class of drugs used as a last resort to treat life-threatening infections caused by a common intestinal bacterium, have failed to work in more than half the people treated in some countries. The bacterium is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and infections in newborns and intensive-care patients. Similarly, the failure of a last-resort treatment for gonorrhoea has been confirmed in 10 countries, including many with advanced health care systems, such as Australia, Canada, France, Sweden and Britain. And resistance to a class of antibiotics that is routinely used to treat urinary tract infections caused by E. coli is widespread; in some countries the drugs are now ineffective in more than half of the patients treated. This sobering report is intended to kick-start a global campaign to develop tools and standards to track drug resistance, measure its health and economic impact, and design solutions.
The most urgent need is to minimize the overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture, which accelerates the development of resistant strains. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued voluntary guidelines calling on drug companies, animal producers and veterinarians to stop indiscriminately using antibiotics that are important for treating humans on livestock; the drug companies have said they will comply. But the agency, shortsightedly, has appealed a court order requiring it to ban the use of penicillin and two forms of tetracycline by animal producers to promote growth unless they provide proof that it will not promote drug-resistant microbes.
The pharmaceutical industry needs to be encouraged to develop new antibiotics to supplement those that are losing their effectiveness. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society, which represents pharmacists in Britain, called this month for stronger financial incentives. It said that no new class of antibiotics has been discovered since 1987, largely because the financial returns for finding new classes of antibiotics are too low. Unlike lucrative drugs to treat chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular ailments, antibiotics are typically taken for a short period of time, and any new drug is apt to be used sparingly and held in reserve to treat patients resistant to existing drugs.
Antibiotics have transformed medicine and saved countless lives over the past seven decades. Now, rampant overuse and the lack of new drugs in the pipeline threaten to undermine their effectiveness.
(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.)
Segundo o texto, o relatório da Organização Mundial da Saúde
| a) |
constatou que as infestações por parasitas ainda não têm antídotos eficientes. |
| b) |
concentrou-se no problema das bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos existentes. |
| c) |
utilizou dados detalhados de mais de 114 países para verificar os resultados. |
| d) |
revelou que muitas internações hospitalares são desnecessárias e dispendiosas. |
| e) |
comparou as classes de antibióticos descobertas após 1987 para avaliar sua eficácia. |
a) Incorreta. Apesar de mencionar também o aumento da da ameaça devido à resistência de parasitas, o texto não se limita a eles - fala de fungos e vírus e, principalmente bactérias, que são o foco do texto. Além disso, não constata que os antídotos não são eficientes, apenas aponta a queda dessa eficiência.
b) Correta. Como fica claro no segundo parágrafo, o relatório buscou avaliar a resistência das bactérias a antibióticos, tratando inclusive dos antibióticos de último recurso que já apresentaram falhas.
c) Incorreta. Apesar de ser utilizada dados de 114 países, esses dados se mostram incompletos e não detalhados.
d) Incorreta. O texto afirma que internações podem se tornar mais prolongadas, pois os tratamentos padrão não surtem o mesmo efeito e as infecões se tornam piores.
e) Incorreta. Após o 1987 nenhuma classe de novos antibióticos foi descoberta.