Unifesp - 2ª fase - Línguas
Will we ever... understand why music makes us feel good?
19 April 2013
Philip Ball
No one knows why music has such a potent effect on our emotions. But thanks to some recent studies we have a few intriguing clues. Why do we like music? Like most good questions, this one works on many levels. We have answers on some levels, but not all.
We like music because it makes us feel good. Why does it make us feel good? In 2001, neuroscientists Anne Blood and Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Montreal provided an answer. Using magnetic resonance imaging they showed that people listening to pleasurable music had activated brain regions called the limbic and paralimbic areas, which are connected to euphoric reward responses, like those we experience from sex, good food and addictive drugs. Those rewards come from a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. As DJ Lee Haslam told us, music is the drug.
But why? It’s easy enough to understand why sex and food are rewarded with a dopamine rush: this makes us want more, and so contributes to our survival and propagation. (Some drugs subvert that survival instinct by stimulating dopamine release on false pretences.) But why would a sequence of sounds with no obvious survival value do the same thing?
The truth is no one knows. However, we now have many clues to why music provokes intense emotions. The current favourite theory among scientists who study the cognition of music – how we process it mentally – dates back to 1956, when the philosopher and composer Leonard Meyer suggested that emotion in music is all about what we expect, and whether or not we get it. Meyer drew on earlier psychological theories of emotion, which proposed that it arises when we’re unable to satisfy some desire. That, as you might imagine, creates frustration or anger – but if we then find what we’re looking for, be it love or a cigarette, the payoff is all the sweeter.
This, Meyer argued, is what music does too. It sets up sonic patterns and regularities that tempt us to make unconscious predictions about what’s coming next. If we’re right, the brain gives itself a little reward – as we’d now see it, a surge of dopamine. The constant dance between expectation and outcome thus enlivens the brain with a pleasurable play of emotions.
(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)
Segundo o texto, a pergunta apresentada no primeiro parágrafo
| a) |
a) mostra que a música está relacionada à sobrevivência do ser humano. |
| b) |
b) introduz uma questão científica ainda não abordada. |
| c) |
c) pode ser abordada a partir de diversas perspectivas. |
| d) |
d) é intrigante e merece uma reflexão por parte de músicos e psicólogos. |
| e) |
e) indica que a música pode auxiliar em tratamentos para depressão. |
A pergunta apresentada no primeiro parágrafo é “Por que gostamos de música?”. Em seguida, o texto menciona: “Como a maioria das boas questões, esta funciona em muitos níveis (...)”
a) Incorreta. No terceiro parágrafo, o texto menciona que a música não tem valor óbvio para a sobrevivência.
b) Incorreta. No primeiro parágrafo o texto menciona que há respostas para a questão em alguns níveis. Isso se deve a pesquisas científicas já realizadas sobre o assunto, como as mencionadas no texto de Anne Blood e Robert Zatorre (segundo parágrafo) e Leonard Meyer (quarto parágrafo).
c) Correta. No primeiro parágrafo o texto menciona que como a maioria das boas perguntas, essa funciona em muitas perspectivas.
d) Incorreta. O texto não menciona músicos, embora mencione psicólogos ao citar teorias existentes sobre a música.
e) Incorreta. O texto não relaciona a música a tratamentos para a depressão.
Will we ever... understand why music makes us feel good?
19 April 2013
Philip Ball
No one knows why music has such a potent effect on our emotions. But thanks to some recent studies we have a few intriguing clues. Why do we like music? Like most good questions, this one works on many levels. We have answers on some levels, but not all.
We like music because it makes us feel good. Why does it make us feel good? In 2001, neuroscientists Anne Blood and Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Montreal provided an answer. Using magnetic resonance imaging they showed that people listening to pleasurable music had activated brain regions called the limbic and paralimbic areas, which are connected to euphoric reward responses, like those we experience from sex, good food and addictive drugs. Those rewards come from a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. As DJ Lee Haslam told us, music is the drug.
But why? It’s easy enough to understand why sex and food are rewarded with a dopamine rush: this makes us want more, and so contributes to our survival and propagation. (Some drugs subvert that survival instinct by stimulating dopamine release on false pretences.) But why would a sequence of sounds with no obvious survival value do the same thing?
The truth is no one knows. However, we now have many clues to why music provokes intense emotions. The current favourite theory among scientists who study the cognition of music – how we process it mentally – dates back to 1956, when the philosopher and composer Leonard Meyer suggested that emotion in music is all about what we expect, and whether or not we get it. Meyer drew on earlier psychological theories of emotion, which proposed that it arises when we’re unable to satisfy some desire. That, as you might imagine, creates frustration or anger – but if we then find what we’re looking for, be it love or a cigarette, the payoff is all the sweeter.
This, Meyer argued, is what music does too. It sets up sonic patterns and regularities that tempt us to make unconscious predictions about what’s coming next. If we’re right, the brain gives itself a little reward – as we’d now see it, a surge of dopamine. The constant dance between expectation and outcome thus enlivens the brain with a pleasurable play of emotions.
(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)
According to McGill University neuroscientists, music one enjoys makes the person feel good because
| a) |
a) they used magnetic imaging to enhance dopamine. |
| b) |
b) two brain regions related to pleasure are stimulated. |
| c) |
c) it is often played in social gatherings where food, sex and drugs may be present. |
| d) |
d) most people feel euphoric and start to move their bodies or dance. |
| e) |
e) it recalls memories related to sex and other good experiences. |
Traduzindo a questão: “De acordo com neurocientistas da McGill University, a música que alguém aprecia a faz sentir-se bem porque”
a) Incorreta. Traduzindo a alternativa: eles usaram imagens magnéticas para realçar a dopamina. No Segundo parágrafo, o texto menciona que os pesquisadores usaram imagens magnéticas, mas não é por isso que as pessoas se sentem bem.
b) Correta. Traduzindo a alternativa: duas regiões do cérebro relacionadas ao prazer são estimuladas. No Segundo parágrafo, o texto menciona que as áreas límbica e paralímbica do cérebro, responsáveis pela sensação de euforia, são ativadas pela música.
c) Incorreta. Traduzindo a alternativa: é geralmente tocada em reuniões sociais onde comida, sexo e drogas podem estar presentes. O texto não menciona reuniões sociais.
d) Incorreta. Traduzindo a alternativa: a maioria das pessoas se sentem eufóricas e começam a mexer seus corpos ou dançar. O texto não menciona dança, nem que as pessoas mexem seus corpos ao ouvir música.
e) Incorreta. Traduzindo a alternativa: relembra memórias relacionadas a sexo e outras boas experiências. O texto não relaciona o prazer ao ouvir música com lembranças de bons momentos.
Will we ever... understand why music makes us feel good?
19 April 2013
Philip Ball
No one knows why music has such a potent effect on our emotions. But thanks to some recent studies we have a few intriguing clues. Why do we like music? Like most good questions, this one works on many levels. We have answers on some levels, but not all.
We like music because it makes us feel good. Why does it make us feel good? In 2001, neuroscientists Anne Blood and Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Montreal provided an answer. Using magnetic resonance imaging they showed that people listening to pleasurable music had activated brain regions called the limbic and paralimbic areas, which are connected to euphoric reward responses, like those we experience from sex, good food and addictive drugs. Those rewards come from a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. As DJ Lee Haslam told us, music is the drug.
But why? It’s easy enough to understand why sex and food are rewarded with a dopamine rush: this makes us want more, and so contributes to our survival and propagation. (Some drugs subvert that survival instinct by stimulating dopamine release on false pretences.) But why would a sequence of sounds with no obvious survival value do the same thing?
The truth is no one knows. However, we now have many clues to why music provokes intense emotions. The current favourite theory among scientists who study the cognition of music – how we process it mentally – dates back to 1956, when the philosopher and composer Leonard Meyer suggested that emotion in music is all about what we expect, and whether or not we get it. Meyer drew on earlier psychological theories of emotion, which proposed that it arises when we’re unable to satisfy some desire. That, as you might imagine, creates frustration or anger – but if we then find what we’re looking for, be it love or a cigarette, the payoff is all the sweeter.
This, Meyer argued, is what music does too. It sets up sonic patterns and regularities that tempt us to make unconscious predictions about what’s coming next. If we’re right, the brain gives itself a little reward – as we’d now see it, a surge of dopamine. The constant dance between expectation and outcome thus enlivens the brain with a pleasurable play of emotions.
(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)
O texto relaciona a música às drogas porque ambas
| a) |
a) ocorrem em contextos semelhantes. |
| b) |
b) incitam a euforia e criam dependência. |
| c) |
c) liberam os instintos sexuais. |
| d) |
d) promovem a descarga de dopamina. |
| e) |
e) dependem das preferências pessoais. |
a) Incorreta. O texto não menciona que música e drogas ocorram em contextos semelhantes, o que o texto afirma é que geram efeitos semelhantes nas pessoas.
b) Incorreta. No segundo parágrafo, o texto menciona que as áreas estimuladas pela músicas e pelas drogas são as responsáveis pela sensação de euforia, mas não menciona que a música crie dependência.
c) Incorreta. O texto não relaciona música e drogas à liberação de instintos sexuais. O segundo parágrafo apenas afirma que as áreas estimuladas pela música e pelas drogas são as mesmas estimuladas pelo sexo e pela comida, logo não é uma relação de causa e efeito, e sim uma relação de semelhança.
d) Correta. No segundo parágrafo o texto afirma que as áreas estimuladas pela música e pelas drogas estão relacionadas a reações eufóricas que vêm da descarga de dopamina.
e) Incorreta. O texto relaciona a música às drogas porque ambas estimulam as mesmas áreas do cérebro, relacionadas à euforia e não porque ambas dependem de preferências pessoais.
Will we ever... understand why music makes us feel good?
19 April 2013
Philip Ball
No one knows why music has such a potent effect on our emotions. But thanks to some recent studies we have a few intriguing clues. Why do we like music? Like most good questions, this one works on many levels. We have answers on some levels, but not all.
We like music because it makes us feel good. Why does it make us feel good? In 2001, neuroscientists Anne Blood and Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Montreal provided an answer. Using magnetic resonance imaging they showed that people listening to pleasurable music had activated brain regions called the limbic and paralimbic areas, which are connected to euphoric reward responses, like those we experience from sex, good food and addictive drugs. Those rewards come from a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. As DJ Lee Haslam told us, music is the drug.
But why? It’s easy enough to understand why sex and food are rewarded with a dopamine rush: this makes us want more, and so contributes to our survival and propagation. (Some drugs subvert that survival instinct by stimulating dopamine release on false pretences.) But why would a sequence of sounds with no obvious survival value do the same thing?
The truth is no one knows. However, we now have many clues to why music provokes intense emotions. The current favourite theory among scientists who study the cognition of music – how we process it mentally – dates back to 1956, when the philosopher and composer Leonard Meyer suggested that emotion in music is all about what we expect, and whether or not we get it. Meyer drew on earlier psychological theories of emotion, which proposed that it arises when we’re unable to satisfy some desire. That, as you might imagine, creates frustration or anger – but if we then find what we’re looking for, be it love or a cigarette, the payoff is all the sweeter.
This, Meyer argued, is what music does too. It sets up sonic patterns and regularities that tempt us to make unconscious predictions about what’s coming next. If we’re right, the brain gives itself a little reward – as we’d now see it, a surge of dopamine. The constant dance between expectation and outcome thus enlivens the brain with a pleasurable play of emotions.
(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)
No trecho do segundo parágrafo – which are connected to euphoric reward responses -, a palavra which refere-se a
| a) |
magnetic resonance imaging.
|
| b) |
pleasurable music.
|
| c) |
euphoric reward responses.
|
| d) |
sex, good food and addictive drugs.
|
| e) |
limbic and paralimbic áreas.
|
Traduzindo o trecho a que se refere a questão: “Usando imagem de ressonância magnética eles (os neurocientistas) mostraram que pessoas ouvindo música agradável ativaram regiões do cérebro chamadas áreas límbica e paralímbica, as quais são conectadas a respostas de recompensa por euforia (…)”. O pronome relativo which (as quais) refere-se a áreas límbica e paralímbica, termos imediatamente anteriores.
a) Incorreta. Traduzindo a alternativa: “imagem de ressonância magnética”.
b) Incorreta. Traduzindo a alternativa: “música agradável”.
c) Incorreta. Traduzindo a alternativa: “respostas de recompensa por euforia”.
d) Incorreta. Traduzindo a alternativa: “sexo, boa comida e drogas viciantes”.
e) Correta. Traduzindo a alternativa: “areas límbica e paralímbica”.
Will we ever... understand why music makes us feel good?
19 April 2013
Philip Ball
No one knows why music has such a potent effect on our emotions. But thanks to some recent studies we have a few intriguing clues. Why do we like music? Like most good questions, this one works on many levels. We have answers on some levels, but not all.
We like music because it makes us feel good. Why does it make us feel good? In 2001, neuroscientists Anne Blood and Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Montreal provided an answer. Using magnetic resonance imaging they showed that people listening to pleasurable music had activated brain regions called the limbic and paralimbic areas, which are connected to euphoric reward responses, like those we experience from sex, good food and addictive drugs. Those rewards come from a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. As DJ Lee Haslam told us, music is the drug.
But why? It’s easy enough to understand why sex and food are rewarded with a dopamine rush: this makes us want more, and so contributes to our survival and propagation. (Some drugs subvert that survival instinct by stimulating dopamine release on false pretences.) But why would a sequence of sounds with no obvious survival value do the same thing?
The truth is no one knows. However, we now have many clues to why music provokes intense emotions. The current favourite theory among scientists who study the cognition of music – how we process it mentally – dates back to 1956, when the philosopher and composer Leonard Meyer suggested that emotion in music is all about what we expect, and whether or not we get it. Meyer drew on earlier psychological theories of emotion, which proposed that it arises when we’re unable to satisfy some desire. That, as you might imagine, creates frustration or anger – but if we then find what we’re looking for, be it love or a cigarette, the payoff is all the sweeter.
This, Meyer argued, is what music does too. It sets up sonic patterns and regularities that tempt us to make unconscious predictions about what’s coming next. If we’re right, the brain gives itself a little reward – as we’d now see it, a surge of dopamine. The constant dance between expectation and outcome thus enlivens the brain with a pleasurable play of emotions.
(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)
No trecho final do segundo parágrafo – As DJ Lee Haslam told us, music is the drug. –, é possível substituir a palavra as, sem alteração de sentido, por
| a) |
like.
|
| b) |
since.
|
| c) |
for.
|
| d) |
so.
|
| e) |
then.
|
Traduzindo o trecho a que se refere a questão: “Como DJ Lee Haslam nos disse, música é a droga”.
a) Correta. Traduzindo a alternativa: “como”
b) Incorreta. Traduzindo a alternativa: “desde”
c) Incorreta. Traduzindo a alternativa: “por”
d) Incorreta. Traduzindo a alternativa: “então”
e) Incorreta. Traduzindo a alternativa: “depois, então”
Will we ever... understand why music makes us feel good?
19 April 2013
Philip Ball
No one knows why music has such a potent effect on our emotions. But thanks to some recent studies we have a few intriguing clues. Why do we like music? Like most good questions, this one works on many levels. We have answers on some levels, but not all.
We like music because it makes us feel good. Why does it make us feel good? In 2001, neuroscientists Anne Blood and Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Montreal provided an answer. Using magnetic resonance imaging they showed that people listening to pleasurable music had activated brain regions called the limbic and paralimbic areas, which are connected to euphoric reward responses, like those we experience from sex, good food and addictive drugs. Those rewards come from a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. As DJ Lee Haslam told us, music is the drug.
But why? It’s easy enough to understand why sex and food are rewarded with a dopamine rush: this makes us want more, and so contributes to our survival and propagation. (Some drugs subvert that survival instinct by stimulating dopamine release on false pretences.) But why would a sequence of sounds with no obvious survival value do the same thing?
The truth is no one knows. However, we now have many clues to why music provokes intense emotions. The current favourite theory among scientists who study the cognition of music – how we process it mentally – dates back to 1956, when the philosopher and composer Leonard Meyer suggested that emotion in music is all about what we expect, and whether or not we get it. Meyer drew on earlier psychological theories of emotion, which proposed that it arises when we’re unable to satisfy some desire. That, as you might imagine, creates frustration or anger – but if we then find what we’re looking for, be it love or a cigarette, the payoff is all the sweeter.
This, Meyer argued, is what music does too. It sets up sonic patterns and regularities that tempt us to make unconscious predictions about what’s coming next. If we’re right, the brain gives itself a little reward – as we’d now see it, a surge of dopamine. The constant dance between expectation and outcome thus enlivens the brain with a pleasurable play of emotions.
(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)
Segundo as informações apresentadas no terceiro e quarto parágrafos, é possível concluir que
| a) |
a) ninguém sabe por que a preferência por determinados tipos de drogas e de música ocorre em certos grupos. |
| b) |
b) a dopamina contida nos alimentos faz com que tenhamos prazer em comer certos pratos. |
| c) |
a sobrevivência do ser humano está vinculada à sensação de recompensa provocada pela dopamina. |
| d) |
d) mesmo uma música agradável pode provocar emoções contraditórias, como ansiedade e relaxamento. |
| e) |
e) a música, ao contrário das drogas, não mimetiza o instinto de sobrevivência. |
a) Incorreta. O texto não procura explicar a existência de preferências de determinados grupos por drogas ou por música.
b) Incorreta. No segundo parágrafo, o texto afirma que a descarga de dopamina ocorre em duas áreas do cérebro, ou seja, segundo o texto, a dopamina é criada em nosso organismo.
c) Correta. No terceiro parágrafo o texto menciona que a sensação de recompensa provocada pela dopamina faz com que queiramos repetir os comportamentos que provocam a sua liberação, o que, no caso de sexo e alimentos, contribui para a sobrevivência da espécie humana.
d) Incorreta. No quarto parágrafo o texto afirma que a emoção surge quando somos incapazes de satisfazer algum desejo, o que causa frustração e raiva. Também menciona que, “se depois conseguimos encontrar o que estamos procurando, (...) a recompensa é mais doce”. Nada é mencionado quanto a provocar emoções contraditórias.
e) Incorreta. No quarto e quinto parágrafos o texto menciona que a música faz o mesmo que as drogas, ou seja, mimetiza o instinto de sobrevivência ao provocar a descarga de dopamina.
Will we ever... understand why music makes us feel good?
19 April 2013
Philip Ball
No one knows why music has such a potent effect on our emotions. But thanks to some recent studies we have a few intriguing clues. Why do we like music? Like most good questions, this one works on many levels. We have answers on some levels, but not all.
We like music because it makes us feel good. Why does it make us feel good? In 2001, neuroscientists Anne Blood and Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Montreal provided an answer. Using magnetic resonance imaging they showed that people listening to pleasurable music had activated brain regions called the limbic and paralimbic areas, which are connected to euphoric reward responses, like those we experience from sex, good food and addictive drugs. Those rewards come from a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. As DJ Lee Haslam told us, music is the drug.
But why? It’s easy enough to understand why sex and food are rewarded with a dopamine rush: this makes us want more, and so contributes to our survival and propagation. (Some drugs subvert that survival instinct by stimulating dopamine release on false pretences.) But why would a sequence of sounds with no obvious survival value do the same thing?
The truth is no one knows. However, we now have many clues to why music provokes intense emotions. The current favourite theory among scientists who study the cognition of music – how we process it mentally – dates back to 1956, when the philosopher and composer Leonard Meyer suggested that emotion in music is all about what we expect, and whether or not we get it. Meyer drew on earlier psychological theories of emotion, which proposed that it arises when we’re unable to satisfy some desire. That, as you might imagine, creates frustration or anger – but if we then find what we’re looking for, be it love or a cigarette, the payoff is all the sweeter.
This, Meyer argued, is what music does too. It sets up sonic patterns and regularities that tempt us to make unconscious predictions about what’s coming next. If we’re right, the brain gives itself a little reward – as we’d now see it, a surge of dopamine. The constant dance between expectation and outcome thus enlivens the brain with a pleasurable play of emotions.
(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)
Segundo Leonard Meyer
| a) |
a) um desejo não atendido gera sensação de perigo e insegurança. |
| b) |
b) emoções dúbias como prazer e culpa resultam do consumo de drogas, como o tabaco. |
| c) |
a ansiedade e comportamentos violentos decorrem da busca por recompensas. |
| d) |
d) a música vai de encontro aos padrões do inconsciente. |
| e) |
e) uma expectativa confirmada gera bem-estar e emoções agradáveis. |
a) Incorreta. No quarto parágrafo o texto menciona que Leonard Meyer afirma que a emoção surge quando somos incapazes de satisfazer algum desejo, o que causa frustração e raiva. Não há menção a perigo ou insegurança.
b) Incorreta. O texto não menciona culpa nem tabaco.
c) Incorreta. O texto não menciona ansiedade nem comportamentos violentos.
d) Incorreta. O texto não menciona padrões do inconsciente.
e) Correta. No quarto e quinto parágrafos o texto menciona que quando encontramos o que estamos procurando ou percebemos que nossa expectativa estava correta temos emoções prazerosas.
Will we ever... understand why music makes us feel good?
19 April 2013
Philip Ball
No one knows why music has such a potent effect on our emotions. But thanks to some recent studies we have a few intriguing clues. Why do we like music? Like most good questions, this one works on many levels. We have answers on some levels, but not all.
We like music because it makes us feel good. Why does it make us feel good? In 2001, neuroscientists Anne Blood and Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Montreal provided an answer. Using magnetic resonance imaging they showed that people listening to pleasurable music had activated brain regions called the limbic and paralimbic areas, which are connected to euphoric reward responses, like those we experience from sex, good food and addictive drugs. Those rewards come from a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. As DJ Lee Haslam told us, music is the drug.
But why? It’s easy enough to understand why sex and food are rewarded with a dopamine rush: this makes us want more, and so contributes to our survival and propagation. (Some drugs subvert that survival instinct by stimulating dopamine release on false pretences.) But why would a sequence of sounds with no obvious survival value do the same thing?
The truth is no one knows. However, we now have many clues to why music provokes intense emotions. The current favourite theory among scientists who study the cognition of music – how we process it mentally – dates back to 1956, when the philosopher and composer Leonard Meyer suggested that emotion in music is all about what we expect, and whether or not we get it. Meyer drew on earlier psychological theories of emotion, which proposed that it arises when we’re unable to satisfy some desire. That, as you might imagine, creates frustration or anger – but if we then find what we’re looking for, be it love or a cigarette, the payoff is all the sweeter.
This, Meyer argued, is what music does too. It sets up sonic patterns and regularities that tempt us to make unconscious predictions about what’s coming next. If we’re right, the brain gives itself a little reward – as we’d now see it, a surge of dopamine. The constant dance between expectation and outcome thus enlivens the brain with a pleasurable play of emotions.
(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)
No trecho do quarto parágrafo – However, we now have many clues to why music provokes intense emotions. –, a palavra however indica uma ideia de
| a) |
consequência.
|
| b) |
finalidade.
|
| c) |
c) avaliação.
|
| d) |
contraste.
|
| e) |
explicação.
|
Traduzindo o trecho a que se refere a questão: “Contudo, nós agora temos muitas pistas de por que a música provoca emoções intensas”.
However é uma conjunção equivalente a contudo, ou seja, uma conjunção adversativa. Logo é utilizada para estabelecer relação de contraste com a oração anterior.
Will we ever... understand why music makes us feel good?
19 April 2013
Philip Ball
No one knows why music has such a potent effect on our emotions. But thanks to some recent studies we have a few intriguing clues. Why do we like music? Like most good questions, this one works on many levels. We have answers on some levels, but not all.
We like music because it makes us feel good. Why does it make us feel good? In 2001, neuroscientists Anne Blood and Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Montreal provided an answer. Using magnetic resonance imaging they showed that people listening to pleasurable music had activated brain regions called the limbic and paralimbic areas, which are connected to euphoric reward responses, like those we experience from sex, good food and addictive drugs. Those rewards come from a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. As DJ Lee Haslam told us, music is the drug.
But why? It’s easy enough to understand why sex and food are rewarded with a dopamine rush: this makes us want more, and so contributes to our survival and propagation. (Some drugs subvert that survival instinct by stimulating dopamine release on false pretences.) But why would a sequence of sounds with no obvious survival value do the same thing?
The truth is no one knows. However, we now have many clues to why music provokes intense emotions. The current favourite theory among scientists who study the cognition of music – how we process it mentally – dates back to 1956, when the philosopher and composer Leonard Meyer suggested that emotion in music is all about what we expect, and whether or not we get it. Meyer drew on earlier psychological theories of emotion, which proposed that it arises when we’re unable to satisfy some desire. That, as you might imagine, creates frustration or anger – but if we then find what we’re looking for, be it love or a cigarette, the payoff is all the sweeter.
This, Meyer argued, is what music does too. It sets up sonic patterns and regularities that tempt us to make unconscious predictions about what’s coming next. If we’re right, the brain gives itself a little reward – as we’d now see it, a surge of dopamine. The constant dance between expectation and outcome thus enlivens the brain with a pleasurable play of emotions.
(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)
O trecho final do quarto parágrafo – the payoff is all the sweeter – pode ser corretamente entendido como:
| a) |
a moderação vale a pena. |
| b) |
a sensação de alívio é relaxante. |
| c) |
a frustração é substituída pelo amor. |
| d) |
a compensação foi menor que a esperada. |
| e) |
a retribuição dá muito prazer. |
Traduzindo o trecho a que se refere a questão, temos: “a recompensa é mais doce”, assim, a única alternativa que corresponde a esse sentido é “a retribuição (pagamento ou recompensa; payoff) dá muito prazer (doce; all the sweeter)”.
Note ainda que as alternativas (a), (b) e (c) estão incorretas, pois não fazem referência a recompensa ou retribuição. Já a alternativa (d) está incorreta porque faz comparação entre o tamanho da recompensa e a expectativa, sendo esta comparação equivocada.
Will we ever... understand why music makes us feel good?
19 April 2013
Philip Ball
No one knows why music has such a potent effect on our emotions. But thanks to some recent studies we have a few intriguing clues. Why do we like music? Like most good questions, this one works on many levels. We have answers on some levels, but not all.
We like music because it makes us feel good. Why does it make us feel good? In 2001, neuroscientists Anne Blood and Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Montreal provided an answer. Using magnetic resonance imaging they showed that people listening to pleasurable music had activated brain regions called the limbic and paralimbic areas, which are connected to euphoric reward responses, like those we experience from sex, good food and addictive drugs. Those rewards come from a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. As DJ Lee Haslam told us, music is the drug.
But why? It’s easy enough to understand why sex and food are rewarded with a dopamine rush: this makes us want more, and so contributes to our survival and propagation. (Some drugs subvert that survival instinct by stimulating dopamine release on false pretences.) But why would a sequence of sounds with no obvious survival value do the same thing?
The truth is no one knows. However, we now have many clues to why music provokes intense emotions. The current favourite theory among scientists who study the cognition of music – how we process it mentally – dates back to 1956, when the philosopher and composer Leonard Meyer suggested that emotion in music is all about what we expect, and whether or not we get it. Meyer drew on earlier psychological theories of emotion, which proposed that it arises when we’re unable to satisfy some desire. That, as you might imagine, creates frustration or anger – but if we then find what we’re looking for, be it love or a cigarette, the payoff is all the sweeter.
This, Meyer argued, is what music does too. It sets up sonic patterns and regularities that tempt us to make unconscious predictions about what’s coming next. If we’re right, the brain gives itself a little reward – as we’d now see it, a surge of dopamine. The constant dance between expectation and outcome thus enlivens the brain with a pleasurable play of emotions.
(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)
No trecho do último parágrafo – as we’d now see it –, ’d pode ser reescrito, mantendo-se a correção e o sentido, como
| a) |
a) used to.
|
| b) |
b) had.
|
| c) |
c) would.
|
| d) |
d) did.
|
| e) |
e) need to.
|
Para sabermos a que se refere a abreviação ’d devemos observar o verbo que vem a seguir.
Neste trecho : “... as we’d now see it...” o verbo see está no presente portanto a única opção seria o auxiliar de condicional would.
a) Incorreta. O verbo used to significa costumava não pode ser abreviado. Além disso a frase não teria sentido.
b) Incorreta. O auxiliar had só poderia ser usado com o verbo a seguir no particípio passado, had seen e não com o verbo see no presente.
c) Correta. Pois o ’d se refere a would e após a abreviação ’d o verbo está no presente, assim este é o auxiliar correto.
d) Incorreta. O auxiliar did poderia ser usado com o see se a frase fosse uma pergunta, por exemplo; Did you see ...? Ainda assim teríamos um problema pois did é auxiliar de tempo passado e now é um advérbio de tempo presente.
e) Incorreta. Need to não pode ser abreviado.